Updated: 4/4/23

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TAX TREATMENT

Why was $145,000 picked for the limit to determine whether catch-up contributions would be Roth or Pre-Tax?

Unclear.

If a participant is over the $145,000 income threshold the previous year, must all their current contribution dollars be treated as Roth, or only those falling under the 50+ or new 60-63 catch-up provision?

No. Section 603 only affects these participant’s catch-up contributions. Participants making more than $145,000 in the preceding year could still choose to make their regular contributions pre-tax.

Is the $145,000 gross income or taxable income?

Income is FICA wages as defined in Code §3121(a).

Can we require that all age-based catch-up provisions be made as Roth, regardless of previous year’s salary?

Unclear. Requiring all catch-up contributions, regardless of income, be made as Roth is not directly addressed. The IRS may provide additional guidance on this point*.

Can we restrict all age-based catch-up contributions to employees whose previous year’s salary was $145,000 or less?

No.  If at least one “catch-up eligible” participant meets the wage threshold, a plan must allow any catch-up eligible participant to provide catch-up deferrals as designated Roth contributions. This would prevent a plan from offering catch-up contributions only to lower-paid employees.

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TIMELINE

Do plans have to adopt the changes in 2024, but have an additional 3 years to change the plan document to reflect this?

Yes. The terms of Section 603 must be implemented by the beginning of the first plan year after 2023. Amendments to documents do not need to be completed until December 31, 2027.

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INCOME VERIFICATION

Is the plan sponsor responsible for verifying participant salary relative to the $145,000 threshold if they did not work for an employer in the plan the previous year?  

Unclear, but it appears “no.” Section 603 states that the employer, not the plan sponsor is responsible for verifying income from the employer. State plans with multiple state and local employers will need guidance from the IRS on the definition of “employer”.

Further IRS guidance is also needed on new hires who did not work for the employer the previous year*.

If a participant works for more than one participating employer simultaneously and contributes to the plan under both, who is responsible for coordinating the compensation totals among those employers to ensure the plan tracks the total compensation?

The plan sponsor. In the case of an employee moving from one employer to another under the same plan, the plan sponsor must aggregate the salaries of the participant*.

Who is responsible for income verification in multi-employer plans?

The employer. Section 603 states that the employer, not the plan sponsor is responsible for verifying income from the employer. State plans with multiple state and local employers will need guidance from the IRS on the definition of “employer”. *

Multi-employer may need to update their existing joinder or other participation agreements with political subdivisions to require income verification by the employer.

Would it be acceptable to ask the participant prior to making their election if they made over $145,000 in the prior year?

No. SECURE 2.0 does not allow for self-certification in this instance.

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SPECIAL CATCH-UP PROVISIONS

Does Section 603 affect the 457 special catch-up provision?

No.

Does Section 603 affect the 403b 15-year catch-up?

No.

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PLANS WITHOUT ROTH

If we currently do not offer Roth, are we required to suspend or terminate age 50+ catch-up contributions for all employees regardless of income until we add the Roth options for our plans?

Yes. Plans must have a Roth option to allow catch-up contributions starting next year.

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ELECTIONS

Can this be a one-time election instead of every year? 

Yes.

Can excess deferrals for employees over the age of 50 be automatically treated as catch-up contributions and made into Roth deferrals if the participant is over the income threshold?

Unclear. This is not directly addressed in the provision. In the absence of IRS guidance, it may be possible to amend a plan and to draft the initial election forms such that participants elect to have excess deferrals treated as catch-up deferrals including switching to Roth deferrals in the event the participant’s preceding year wages exceed the wage limit*.

Plans must comply with the section 603 requirement allowing employee election for catch-up contribution type, and section 604 indicates the IRS may issue regulations on a participant’s ability to change their election if their compensation is determined to exceed the wage limitation after the election is made.

What is the correction mechanism if a participant making $145,000 or more in the preceding year is making pre-tax contributions and has excess pre-tax deferrals treated as catch-up contributions?

Unclear. Further IRS guidance is needed on the proper correction mechanism. Potential corrections such as recategorization as Roth or in-plan conversion may be available. However, these likely would require payroll system updates, adjustments to the W-2 and remitting additional taxes from future paychecks*.

Absent IRS guidance, the current EPCRS procedures might require the non-Roth catch-up contributions be viewed as “excess amounts.” Those excess amounts, adjusted for earnings, would then be made as a taxable corrective distribution to the participant and be reported as taxable income on a Form 1099-R. If the error is caught in the same plan year, future catch-up contributions should then be contributed as Roth.